不同控释氮肥运筹对粳稻养分吸收与氮素利用的影响

以绥粳18为供试材料,通过盆栽试验,在一次性施入控释氮肥免追肥条件下,设置不同施肥量(高、中、低、无)和施肥深度(5 cm、10 cm),探讨不同氮肥施用方式对粳稻养分吸收和氮素利用的影响。结果表明,在不同氮肥运筹条件下,粳稻各生育期氮、磷、钾的吸收、转运均存在明显的协同效应,施肥深度5 cm组,随着氮肥施用量的增加,粳稻的氮吸收总量增加,同时可促进磷的吸收,但影响幅度较小。钾变化与氮、磷变化有所不同。施肥深度10cm组,施高量氮肥抑制了粳稻对磷的吸收、减少了对氮的吸收,但有利于提高氮素利用率,对钾的吸收无显著影响。施用树脂包膜控释肥,纯氮用量为153 kg/hm^2、施肥深度5 cm、一次性施肥免追肥可获得最优水稻氮素利用效率并显著提高磷钾肥利用效率。     

增施有机肥改善黑土物理特性与促进玉米根系生长的效果

为改善东北黑土区粘重耕层的土壤物理特性,通过玉米秸秆还田基础上增施有机肥试验,拟明确增施有机肥对黑土物理特性和根系生长的提升效果。利用2015～2018年吉林省公主岭市和黑龙江省克山县黑土区的定位试验,测定了玉米抽雄期3种秸秆还田处理及其增施有机肥(旋耕秸秆还田+有机肥RSM、深翻秸秆还田+有机肥DSM、深松秸秆还田+有机肥SSM)处理的土壤物理指标;并采用微根管法原位测定了根系生长指标,计算出增施有机肥后各土壤物理特性与根系生长指标的变化量。结果表明,相比秸秆还田处理,增施有机肥降低了土壤容重、土壤紧实度,提升了土壤含水量,同时根长密度、根尖数密度和根平均直径均显著增加,其中根长密度和根尖数密度各土层平均增加了0.18 cm/cm~2和34.9×10~(-3)个/cm~2。不同秸秆还田方式增施有机肥后对黑土物理特性和根系生长的改善效果不同,其中0～15 cm土层RSM处理改善效果最明显,15～45 cm土层SSM和DSM处理改善效果最明显。有机肥和秸秆还田方式互作对黑土物理特性和促进根系生长指标具有显著的正向互作效应。上述结果表明,深松秸秆还田和深翻秸秆还田基础上增施有机肥模式更有利于改善黑土物理特性和促进根系生长,是改善东北黑土区粘重耕层的技术选择。     

瑞香狼毒中香豆素类化合物的研究进展

香豆素类化合物在抗病毒、抗感染、调节免疫系统等方面具有多种生物活性,尤其对肿瘤细胞具有较高的生物活性。香豆素类化合物是瑞香狼毒重要的化学组分之一。综述了瑞香狼毒中香豆素类化合物的研究进展。     

避雨栽培对‘红阳’猕猴桃光合作用及果实品质的影响

以露地和避雨栽培条件下的‘红阳’猕猴桃为试验材料,通过测定园地温湿度、植株光合作用、果实品质等指标,研究避雨栽培对‘红阳’猕猴桃生长微环境、叶片光合能力和果实品质的影响。结果表明:避雨栽培条件下植株环境温度降低2.4℃,空气湿度提高12.2%,光合有效辐射下降13.0%~28.6%;避雨栽培可维持‘红阳’猕猴桃在生长旺盛期的平均净光合速率,有效缓解植株光合"午休"现象,对植株有一定的保护作用,表现为结果枝数降低10.8%,结果枝长度增加60.8%,坐果数提高129.7%,叶绿素含量提高6.1%,单果重提高25.7%,采收期和软熟期可溶性固形物含量分别增加10.8%和14.1%,干物质含量无显著差异,延长了贮藏时间。综上,避雨栽培可改善‘红阳’猕猴桃生长微环境,优化植株光合作用,提高果实品质。     

利用荧光观测明确载球孢白僵菌松毛虫赤眼蜂对亚洲玉米螟的防控增效作用

载球孢白僵菌松毛虫赤眼蜂能够显著提高对亚洲玉米螟的防控效果，为了明确其对亚洲玉米螟卵期及幼虫期可持续防控的作用机理，采用松毛虫赤眼蜂吸附绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）标记的球孢白僵菌分生孢子，进行赤眼蜂载菌情况，以及亚洲玉米螟卵和幼虫的寄生、侵染过程观察。结果表明，赤眼蜂羽化后能够吸附柞蚕卵表面粘附的白僵菌分生孢子，并将其携带至亚洲玉米螟卵块表面，并吸附于未被赤眼蜂寄生的亚洲玉米螟卵孵化的幼虫体表，实现侵染并致死，幼虫带菌率达60.00%，网室内杀虫生物测定僵虫率达27.00%。本研究表明，载菌赤眼蜂在提高杀虫效率的同时实现害虫可持续防控，该方法为其他载菌天敌的应用提供了依据。     

原产地和入侵地紫茎泽兰对泽兰实蝇寄生的耐受性及其生理响应

[目的]研究入侵植物紫茎泽兰对专食性天敌泽兰实蝇寄生的耐受性并探讨其入侵前后的生理响应,为紫茎泽兰的生物防治提供理论依据.[方法]泽兰实蝇寄生后,于初现羽化窗时测量紫茎泽兰原产地(墨西哥)和入侵地(中国)种群叶片脯氨酸(Pro)、丙二醛(MDA)含量及多酚氧化酶(PPO)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性等生理指标;全部羽化后测定并计算紫茎泽兰的株高、总生物量、根冠比和比茎长等生长指标,比较分析泽兰实蝇寄生后不同种群紫茎泽兰的抗性和耐受性.[结果]在泽兰实蝇寄生条件下,入侵地紫茎泽兰的总生物量、茎生物量比和根冠比较原产地种群分别显著升高37.80%、15.38%和21.77%(P<0.05,下同);入侵地紫茎泽兰PAL、POD和SOD活性分别较原产地显著降低46.91%、46.60%和37.52%,而PPO活性与原产地紫茎泽兰无显著差异(P>0.05);同时,入侵地紫茎泽兰的Pro和MDA含量分别较原产地显著增加66.30%和145.08%.[结论]入侵后紫茎泽兰的资源分配策略发生改变,入侵地紫茎泽兰种群对泽兰实蝇寄生的耐受性增强,对泽兰实蝇的防御响应有所降低,防御策略发生改变.     

Screening of antagonistic Trichoderma strains and their application for controlling stalk rot in maize

Maize is one of the major crops in China, but maize stalk rot occurs nationwide and has become one of the major challenges in maize production in China. In order to find an environment-friendly and feasible technology to control this disease, a Trichoderma-based biocontrol agent was selected. Forty-eight strains with various inhibition activities to Fusarium graminearum, and Fusarium verticillioides were tested. A group of Trichoderma strains(DLY31, SG3403, DLY1303 and GDFS1009) were found to provide an inhibition rate to pathogen growth in vitro of over 70%. These strains also prevented pathogen infection over 65% and promoted the maize seedling growth for the main root in vivo by over 50%. Due to its advantage in antifungal activity against pathogens and promotion activity to maize, Trichoderma asperellum GDSF1009 was selected as the most promising strain of the biocontrol agent in the Trichoderma spectrum. Pot experiments showed that the Trichoderma agent at 2–3 g/pot could achieve the best control of seedling stalk rot and promotion of maize seedling growth. In the field experiments, 8–10 g/hole was able to achieve over 65% control to stalk rot, and yield increased by 2–11%. In the case of natural morbidity, the control efficiency ranged from 27.23 to 48.84%, and the rate of yield increase reached 11.70%, with a dosage of Trichoderma granules at 75 kg ha~(-1). Based on these results, we concluded that the Trichoderma agent is a promising biocontrol approach to stalk rot in maize.     

Effects of post-silking water deficit on the leaf photosynthesis and senescence of waxy maize

Waxy maize is widely cultivated under rainfed conditions and frequently suffers water shortage during the late growth stage. In this study, a pot trial was conducted to examine the effects of post-silking drought on leaf photosynthesis and senescence and its influence on grain yield. Two waxy maize hybrids, Suyunuo 5(SYN5) and Yunuo 7(YN7), were grown under the control and drought(soil moisture content was 70–80% and 50–60%, respectively) conditions after silking in 2016 and 2017. The decrease in yield was 11.1 and 15.4% for YN7 and SYN5, respectively, owing to the decreased grain weight and number. Post-silking dry matter accumulation was reduced by 27.2% in YN7 and 26.3% in SYN5. The contribution rate of pre-silking photoassimilates transferred to grain yield was increased by 15.6% in YN7 and 10.2% in SYN5, respectively. Post-silking drought increased the malondialdehyde content, but decreased the contents of water, soluble protein, chlorophyll, and carotenoid in the leaves. The weakened activities of enzymes involved in photosynthesis(ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase) and antioxidant system(catalase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase) reduced the photosynthetic rate(P_n) and accelerated leaf senescence. The correlation results indicated that reduced Pn and catalase activity and increased malondialdehyde content under drought conditions induced the decrease of post-silking photoassimilates deposition, ultimately resulted in the grain yield loss.     

红耳龟蛋和中华花龟蛋营养成分分析

[目的]探究龟蛋的营养价值,为其开发利用提供科学依据.[方法]以同一产蛋时间(3~5d)的红耳龟蛋和中华花龟蛋各200枚为试验材料,分别分离蛋清和蛋黄,搅拌均匀,取样检测2种龟蛋的基本营养成分、胆固醇含量、氨基酸组成及脂肪酸含量与组成.[结果]红耳龟蛋和中华花龟蛋的径长分别为3.08和3.81 cm,径宽分别为2.30和2.37 cm,蛋重分别为10.73和10.26 g/枚,差异均不显著(P>0.05,下同).红耳龟蛋和中华花龟蛋蛋清水分含量分别为96.69%和97.42%,灰分含量分别为0.36%和0.49%,粗蛋白含量分别为1.98%和1.59%,粗脂肪含量分别为0.85%和0.54%,差异均不显著;蛋黄水分含量分别为56.27%和55.16%,灰分含量分别为2.45%和3.08%,粗蛋白含量分别为25.89%和26.62%,粗脂肪含量分别为15.70%和13.99%,其中灰分和粗脂肪含量差异显著(P<0.05,下同).2种龟蛋的蛋清和蛋黄均检测出17种水解氨基酸,其中谷氨酸含量最高.红耳龟蛋和中华花龟蛋蛋清中氨基酸总量分别为42.27和42.64 g/100 g,必需氨基酸总量分别为14.95和14.92 g/100 g,呈味氨基酸总量分别为16.16和16.27 g/100 g,差异均不显著;蛋黄中氨基酸总量分别为47.46和50.76 g/100 g,必需氨基酸总量分别为16.85和17.90 g/100 g,呈味氨基酸总量分别为17.98和19.02 g/100 g,其中氨基酸总量差异显著.红耳龟蛋蛋黄和蛋清及中华花龟蛋蛋黄的第一限制氨基酸均为蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸,中华花龟蛋蛋清的第一限制氨基酸为缬氨酸.2种龟蛋蛋黄中均检测出饱和脂肪酸8种,不饱和脂肪酸11种,红耳龟蛋和中华花龟蛋蛋黄中饱和脂肪酸含量分别为38.65%和35.46%,不饱和脂肪酸含量分别为58.19%和60.63%,差异均不显著.其中,饱和脂肪酸均以十五烷酸含量最高,硬脂酸次之;不饱和脂肪酸均以十七碳烯酸甲酯含量最高,银杏酸次之.2种龟蛋蛋黄胆固醇含量分别为9.83和11.14 mg/g,差异不显著.[结论]红耳龟蛋和中华花龟蛋营养价值差异小,均是高蛋白低脂肪、富含氨基酸、低胆固醇的高营养价值蛋类食品,值得开发利用.     

The M43 domain-containing metalloprotease RcMEP1 in Rhizoctonia cerealis is a pathogenicity factor during the fungus infection to wheat

Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) is an important staple crop for global human. The necrotrophic fungus Rhizoctonia cerealis is the causal pathogen of sharp eyespot, a devastating disease of wheat. Herein, we identified RcMEP1, a zinc metalloproteaseencoding gene from R. cerealis genomic sequences, and characterized its pathogenesis function. RcMEP1 expressed at markedly-high levels during R. cerealis infection process to wheat. The predicted protein RcMEP1 comprises of 287 amino acid residues and contains a signal peptide and a M43 metalloprotease domain harboring the active site motif(HEVGHWLGLYH). The assays of Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves indicated that RcMEP1 is an apoplastic elicitor of cell death, and that the predicted signal peptide functions and is required for secretion and cell death-induction. The purified RcMEP1 protein and its M43 domain peptide were individually able to induce plant cell death and H2 O2 accumulation, and to inhibit expression of host chitinases when infiltrated into wheat and N. benthamiana leaves, while the M43 domain-deleting peptide and negative control lacked the capacity. Moreover, compared with the control pretreatment, the purified RcMEP1 protein or its M43-domain peptide resulted in enhanced pathogenesis in the inoculated wheat, whereas the M43 domain-deleting peptide failed. These results suggest that RcMEP1 acted as an important pathogenicity factor during R. cerealis infection to wheat and that its signal peptide and M43 domain are required for the secretion and pathogenesis of RcMEP1. This study provides insights into pathogenesis role of M43 domain-containing metalloproteases during R. cerealis infection to wheat.